Studies on the Evaporation Regulation Mechanisms of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products
Author(s)
Merv F. Fingas*
ABSTRACT
Various concepts for oil evaporation prediction are summarized. Models can be divided into those models that use the basis of air-boundary-regulation or those that do not. Experiments were conducted to determine if oil and petroleum evaporation is regulated by the saturation of the air boundary layer. Experiments included the examination of the evaporation rate with and without wind, in which case it was found that evaporation rates were similar for all wind conditions and no-wind conditions. Experiments where the area and mass varied showed that boundary-layer regulation was not governing for petroleum products. Under all experimental and environmental conditions, oils or petroleum products were not found to be boundary-layer regulated. Experiments on the rate of evaporation of pure compounds showed that compounds larger than Decane were not boundary-layer regulated. Many oils and petroleum products contain few compounds smaller than decane, and this explains why their evaporation is not air boundary-layer limited. Comparison of the air saturation levels of various oils and petroleum products shows that the saturation concentration of water, which is strongly air boundary-regulated, is significantly less than that of several petroleum hydrocarbons. Lack of air boundary-layer regulation for oils is shown to be a result of both this higher saturation concentration as well as a low (below boundary-layer value) evaporation rate.
Various concepts for oil evaporation prediction are summarized. Models can be divided into those models that use the basis of air-boundary-regulation or those that do not. Experiments were conducted to determine if oil and petroleum evaporation is regulated by the saturation of the air boundary layer. Experiments included the examination of the evaporation rate with and without wind, in which case it was found that evaporation rates were similar for all wind conditions and no-wind conditions. Experiments where the area and mass varied showed that boundary-layer regulation was not governing for petroleum products. Under all experimental and environmental conditions, oils or petroleum products were not found to be boundary-layer regulated. Experiments on the rate of evaporation of pure compounds showed that compounds larger than Decane were not boundary-layer regulated. Many oils and petroleum products contain few compounds smaller than decane, and this explains why their evaporation is not air boundary-layer limited. Comparison of the air saturation levels of various oils and petroleum products shows that the saturation concentration of water, which is strongly air boundary-regulated, is significantly less than that of several petroleum hydrocarbons. Lack of air boundary-layer regulation for oils is shown to be a result of both this higher saturation concentration as well as a low (below boundary-layer value) evaporation rate.
Cite this paper
F. Fingas, M. (2012) Studies on the Evaporation Regulation Mechanisms of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 2, 246-256. doi: 10.4236/aces.2012.22029.
F. Fingas, M. (2012) Studies on the Evaporation Regulation Mechanisms of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 2, 246-256. doi: 10.4236/aces.2012.22029.
References
[1] M. Fingas, “Oil and Petroleum Evaporation,” Proceedings of the 34th Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, Vancouver, 4-6 October, 2011, pp. 426-459. [2] M. Fingas, “A Literature Review of the Physics and Predictive Modelling of Oil Spill Evaporation,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 42, No. 2, 1995, pp. 157-175. doi:10.1016/0304-3894(95)00013-K [3] W. Brutsaert, “Evaporation into the Atmosphere,” Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, 1982. [4] F. E. Jones, “Evaporation of Water,” Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, 1992. [5] J. L. Monteith and M. H. Unsworth, “Principles of Environmental Physics,” Hodder and Stoughton, London, 2008. [6] O. G. Sutton, “Wind Structure and Evaporation in a Turbulent Atmosphere,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 146, No. 858, 1934, pp. 701-722. [7] D. Mackay and R. S. Matsugu, “Evaporation Rates of Liquid Hydrocarbon Spills on Land and Water,” The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 51, No. 4, 1973, pp. 434-439. doi:10.1002/cjce.5450510407 [8] W. Stiver and D. Mackay, “Evaporation Rate of Spills of Hydrocarbons and Petroleum Mixtures,” Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 18, No. 11, 1984, pp. 834-840. doi:10.1021/es00129a006 [9] Environment Canada, “Online Catalogue of Crude Oil and Oil Product Properties,” 2011. http://www.etc-cte.ec.gc.ca/databases/OilProperties/oil_prop_e.html [10] Z. Wang and M. Fingas, “Oil and Petroleum Product Fingerprinting Analysis by Gas Chromatographic Techniques,” In: L. M. L. Nollet, Ed., Chromatographic Analysis of the Environment, Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, 2005, pp. 1027-1101. [11] “Ullmann’s Encyclopedia,” Ullmann Publishing, Hamburg, 2005-2009.
[1] M. Fingas, “Oil and Petroleum Evaporation,” Proceedings of the 34th Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, Vancouver, 4-6 October, 2011, pp. 426-459. [2] M. Fingas, “A Literature Review of the Physics and Predictive Modelling of Oil Spill Evaporation,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 42, No. 2, 1995, pp. 157-175. doi:10.1016/0304-3894(95)00013-K [3] W. Brutsaert, “Evaporation into the Atmosphere,” Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, 1982. [4] F. E. Jones, “Evaporation of Water,” Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, 1992. [5] J. L. Monteith and M. H. Unsworth, “Principles of Environmental Physics,” Hodder and Stoughton, London, 2008. [6] O. G. Sutton, “Wind Structure and Evaporation in a Turbulent Atmosphere,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 146, No. 858, 1934, pp. 701-722. [7] D. Mackay and R. S. Matsugu, “Evaporation Rates of Liquid Hydrocarbon Spills on Land and Water,” The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 51, No. 4, 1973, pp. 434-439. doi:10.1002/cjce.5450510407 [8] W. Stiver and D. Mackay, “Evaporation Rate of Spills of Hydrocarbons and Petroleum Mixtures,” Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 18, No. 11, 1984, pp. 834-840. doi:10.1021/es00129a006 [9] Environment Canada, “Online Catalogue of Crude Oil and Oil Product Properties,” 2011. http://www.etc-cte.ec.gc.ca/databases/OilProperties/oil_prop_e.html [10] Z. Wang and M. Fingas, “Oil and Petroleum Product Fingerprinting Analysis by Gas Chromatographic Techniques,” In: L. M. L. Nollet, Ed., Chromatographic Analysis of the Environment, Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, 2005, pp. 1027-1101. [11] “Ullmann’s Encyclopedia,” Ullmann Publishing, Hamburg, 2005-2009.