Large square baling and bale handling efficiency—A case study
Affiliation(s)
Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
ABSTRACT
Large square baling is currently recognized as a high efficiency biomass harvesting system. Baling, bale collecting, and storing at a commercial wheat straw farm was studied as a typical large square bale harvesting system. Factors that affect large square bale production and handling logistics were quantified. Field operations of a large square baler, two bale handlers, and three bale trucks were observed in a full day field operation. System performance was analyzed and material capacities of all machines used in this system were determined based on field measurements. System limitations were quantified, and means to increase system efficiency or reduce production costs were discussed. Results showed that 340 wheat straw bales at a density of 116 kg·m-3 (wet matter) were made with a single large square baler during 8 h field operations. The number of bales produced was the system limitation when one baler, two bale handlers and three bale trucks were used. Adding a baler or reduce the number of operators can increase system efficiency. The large square baler used in this study had a material capacity of 13 Mg·h-1. Similar baling trials were conducted in a switchgrass field and results indicated that the baler had the same material capacity.
Large square baling is currently recognized as a high efficiency biomass harvesting system. Baling, bale collecting, and storing at a commercial wheat straw farm was studied as a typical large square bale harvesting system. Factors that affect large square bale production and handling logistics were quantified. Field operations of a large square baler, two bale handlers, and three bale trucks were observed in a full day field operation. System performance was analyzed and material capacities of all machines used in this system were determined based on field measurements. System limitations were quantified, and means to increase system efficiency or reduce production costs were discussed. Results showed that 340 wheat straw bales at a density of 116 kg·m-3 (wet matter) were made with a single large square baler during 8 h field operations. The number of bales produced was the system limitation when one baler, two bale handlers and three bale trucks were used. Adding a baler or reduce the number of operators can increase system efficiency. The large square baler used in this study had a material capacity of 13 Mg·h-1. Similar baling trials were conducted in a switchgrass field and results indicated that the baler had the same material capacity.
Cite this paper
Kemmerer, B. and Liu, J. (2012) Large square baling and bale handling efficiency—A case study. Agricultural Sciences, 3, 178-183. doi: 10.4236/as.2012.32020.
Kemmerer, B. and Liu, J. (2012) Large square baling and bale handling efficiency—A case study. Agricultural Sciences, 3, 178-183. doi: 10.4236/as.2012.32020.
References
[1] Sokhansanj, S. (2009) Large-scale production, harvest and logistics of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)— Current technology and envisioning a mature technology. Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining, 3, 124-141. doi:10.1002/bbb.129 [2] Prochnow, A. (2009) Bioenergy from permanent grassland—A review: 2. Combustion. Bioresource Technology, 100, 4945-4954. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.05.069 [3] Cundiff, J.S. and Marsh L.S. (1996) Harvest and storage costs for bales of switchgrass in the southeastern United States. Bioresource Technology, 56, 95-101. doi:10.1016/0960-8524(95)00166-2 [4] Sokhansanj, S. and Turhollow A.F. (2004) Biomass densification—Cubing operations and costs for corn stover. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 20, 495-499. [5] Kumar, P.K. and Ileleji K.E. (2009) Techno-economic analysis of the transportation, storage, and handling requirements for supplying lignocellulosic biomass feed-stocks for ethanol production. ASABE Paper, ASABE, St. Joseph. [6] Brownell, D.K. (2010) Analysis of biomass harvest, handling, and computer modeling. M.S. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park. [7] Liu, J. and Kemmerer B. (2011) Field performance analysis of a tractor and a large square baler. SAE Paper SAE, Washington DC. doi:10.4271/2011-01-2302
[1] Sokhansanj, S. (2009) Large-scale production, harvest and logistics of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)— Current technology and envisioning a mature technology. Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining, 3, 124-141. doi:10.1002/bbb.129 [2] Prochnow, A. (2009) Bioenergy from permanent grassland—A review: 2. Combustion. Bioresource Technology, 100, 4945-4954. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.05.069 [3] Cundiff, J.S. and Marsh L.S. (1996) Harvest and storage costs for bales of switchgrass in the southeastern United States. Bioresource Technology, 56, 95-101. doi:10.1016/0960-8524(95)00166-2 [4] Sokhansanj, S. and Turhollow A.F. (2004) Biomass densification—Cubing operations and costs for corn stover. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 20, 495-499. [5] Kumar, P.K. and Ileleji K.E. (2009) Techno-economic analysis of the transportation, storage, and handling requirements for supplying lignocellulosic biomass feed-stocks for ethanol production. ASABE Paper, ASABE, St. Joseph. [6] Brownell, D.K. (2010) Analysis of biomass harvest, handling, and computer modeling. M.S. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park. [7] Liu, J. and Kemmerer B. (2011) Field performance analysis of a tractor and a large square baler. SAE Paper SAE, Washington DC. doi:10.4271/2011-01-2302