Changes of Reef Community near Ku Lao Cham Islands (South China Sea) after Sangshen Typhoon
Affiliation(s)
Far Eastern State Natural Marine Biosphere Reserve, Vladivostok, Russia. A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (FEB RAS), Vladivostok, Russia.
Far Eastern State Natural Marine Biosphere Reserve, Vladivostok, Russia. A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (FEB RAS), Vladivostok, Russia.
ABSTRACT
Coral reefs of Ku Lao Cham Islands in the Central Vietnam were studied over a quarter of a century. It was established that the reefs of these Islands were lost after the Sangshen typhoon and a heavy flood, which happened in 2006. As a result of these natural phenomena a significant part of coral populations was physically destroyed, and a powerful export of clay substances from the nearest Vietnamese coast and from the Bung River, flowing into the sea opposite the Islands, causing abundant sedimentation and death of almost all the remaining scleractinian corals. At present, where formerly there were coral reefs, now there is algal-alcyonarian stage of succession of reef communities. This is typical, as a rule, for restoration of reefs after a destructive typhoon effect.
Coral reefs of Ku Lao Cham Islands in the Central Vietnam were studied over a quarter of a century. It was established that the reefs of these Islands were lost after the Sangshen typhoon and a heavy flood, which happened in 2006. As a result of these natural phenomena a significant part of coral populations was physically destroyed, and a powerful export of clay substances from the nearest Vietnamese coast and from the Bung River, flowing into the sea opposite the Islands, causing abundant sedimentation and death of almost all the remaining scleractinian corals. At present, where formerly there were coral reefs, now there is algal-alcyonarian stage of succession of reef communities. This is typical, as a rule, for restoration of reefs after a destructive typhoon effect.
Cite this paper
Y. Latypov and N. Selin, "Changes of Reef Community near Ku Lao Cham Islands (South China Sea) after Sangshen Typhoon," American Journal of Climate Change, Vol. 1 No. 1, 2012, pp. 41-47. doi: 10.4236/ajcc.2012.11004.
Y. Latypov and N. Selin, "Changes of Reef Community near Ku Lao Cham Islands (South China Sea) after Sangshen Typhoon," American Journal of Climate Change, Vol. 1 No. 1, 2012, pp. 41-47. doi: 10.4236/ajcc.2012.11004.
References
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[1] T. D. Thanh, “Change in Environment and Ecosystems Relative to the Land-Sea Interaction in the Vietnam Coastal Zone,” Reports EALOICZ Workshop, Qingdao, 1999, pp. 1-10. [2] Yu. Ya. Latypov, “Communities of Coral Reefs of Central Vietnam,” Russian Journal of Marine Biology, Vol. 27, No. 4, 2001, pp. 197-200. doi:10.1023/A:1011939501255 [3] “WWF Vietnam Marine Conservation Southern Survey Team Survey Report on the Biodiversity, Resource Utilization and Conservation Potential of Cau Islands, Binh Thuan Province, S. Vietnam. Inst. Oceanog. (Nhatrang, Vietnam & WWF International Gland, Switzerland),” Unpublished Report, 1993. [4] D. Yellowleess, “Land Use Patterns and Nutrient Loading of the Great Barrier Reef Region: Proceedings of the Workshop Held at the James Cook University of North Queensland,” Sir George Fisher Centre for Tropical Marines Studies and James Cook University of North Queensland, Queensland, 1991. [5] P. R. F. Bell, “Eutrophication and Coral Reefs—Some Examples in the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon,” Water Research, Vol. 26, No. 5, 1992, pp. 553-568. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(92)90228-V [6] C. G. J. Petersen, “The Animal Association of the Sea Bottom in the North Atlantic,” Kobenhavn Berlin Biology Stantion, 1914, Vol. 22, pp. 89-98. [7] Y. Loya and L. B. Slobodkin, “The Coral Reefs of Elate (Gulf of Elate. Red Sea),” Journal of Sampling ZoologySocieaty London, Vol. 28, 1971, pp. 117-140. [8] J. E. N. Veron and M. G. S. Smith, “Coral ID: An Electronic Key to the Zooxanthellate Scleractinian Corals of the World,” Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townswill, 2004. [9] Yu. Ya. Latypov, “The Common Coral of Vietnam: Field Handbook,” Far Eastern National University Press, Vladivostok, 2006. [10] S. Weinberg, “A Comparison of Coral Reef Survey Methods,” Bijdragen Tot De Dierkunde, Vol. 51, No. 2, 1981, pp. 199-218. [11] W. Leujak and R. F. G. Ormond, “Comparative Accuracy and Efficiency of Six Coral Community Survey Methods,” Journal of Experimental Marine Biology Ecology, Vol. 351, No. 1-2, 2007, pp. 168-187. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2007.06.028 [12] Yu. Ya. Latypov, “Reef-Building Corals of Vietnam as a Part of the Indo-Pacific Reef Ecosystem,” Russian Journal of Marine Biology, Vol. 31, 2005, pp. S34-S40. doi:10.1007/s11179-006-0013-5 [13] C.-F. Dai, “Patterns of Coral Distribution and Benthic Space Parti?tioning on the Fringing Reefs of Southern Taiwan,” Marine Еcology, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1993, pp. 185-203. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1993.tb00479.x [14] Yu. Ya. Latypov, “Coral Communities of the Namsu Islands (Gulf of Siam, South China Sea),” Marine Ecology—Progress Series, Vol. 29, 1986, pp. 261-270. doi:10.3354/meps029261 [15] Yu. Ya. Latypov, “Benthic Communities of Coral Reefs of Tho Chu Island (Gulf of Siam, South China Sea),” Biology Morya, Vol. 25, No. 3, 1999, pp. 233-241. [16] D. R. Stoddart, “Post-Hurricane Changes on the British Honduras Reefs and Cays: Re-Survey of 1965,” Atoll Research Bulletin, Vol. 25, No. 131, 1969, pp. 259-268. [17] C. R. C. Sheppard, “Coral Population on Reef Slopes and Their Major Controls,” Marine Ecology—Progress Series, Vol. 7, 1982, pp. 83-115. doi:10.3354/meps007083 [18] D. H. H. Külmann, “Composition and Ecology of DeepWater Coral Associations,” Helgoland Marine Research, Vol. 36, No. 2, 1983, pp. 183-204. doi:10.1007/BF01983856 [19] C.-F. Dai, “Interspecific Competition in Taiwanese Corals with Spe?cial Reference to Interactions between Alcyonaceans and Scleractinians,” Marine Ecology—Progress Series, Vol. 60, 1990, pp. 291-297. doi:10.3354/meps060291 [20] Yu. Ya. Latypov, “Community Structure of Scleractinian Reefs in the Baitylong Archipelago (South China Sea),” Asian Marine Biology, Vol. 12, 1995, pp. 27-37. [21] Yu. Ya. Latipov, “Scleractinian Corals of Vietnam,” The Soviet Journal of Marine Biology, Vol. 13, 1987, pp. 246252. [22] M. B. Best, B. W. Hoeksema, W. Moka, H. Moli and I. N. Sutarna, “Recent Scleractinian Corals Species Collected during the Snellius-II Expedition in Eastern Indonesia,” Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1989, pp. 7-115. doi:10.1016/0077-7579(89)90005-7 [23] J. E. N. Veron and G. Hodgson, “Annotated Checklist of the Hermatypic Corals of the Philippines,” Pacific Science, Vol. 43, No. 3, 1989, pp. 234-287. [24] J. E. N. Veron, “Corals in Space and Time: The Biogeography and Evolution of the Scleractinia,” Cornell University Press, New York, 1995. [25] S. Vo and G. Hodgson, “Coral Reefs of Vietnam: Recruitment Limitation and Physical Forcing,” Proceeding of the 8th Internet Coral Reef Symposium, Vol. 1, 1997, pp. 477-482. [26] J. Cortés and M. J. Risk, “A Reef under Siltation Stress: Cahuita, Costa Rica,” Bulletin Marine of Science, Vol. 36, No. 2, 1985, pp. 339-356. [27] T. Tomascik and F. Sander, “Effects of Eutrophication on Reef Corals,” Marine Biology, Vol. 94, No. 1, 1987, pp. 53-75. doi:10.1007/BF00392900 [28] K. Sakai and M. Nishihira, “Immediate Effect of Terrestrial Runoff on a Coral Community near a River Mouth in Okinawa,” Galaxea, Vol. 10, 1991, pp. 125-134. [29] K. P. Sebens, “Biodiversity of Coral Reefs: What Are We Losing and Why?” American Zoologist, Vol. 34, 1994, pp. 115-133. [30] N. G. Andres and J. D. Witman, “Trends in Community Structure on a Jamaican Reef,” Marine Ecology—Progress Series, Vol. 118, 1985, pp. 305-310. doi:10.3354/meps118305 [31] Yu. Ya. Latypov, “Macrobenthos Communities on Reefs of the An Thoi Archipelago of the South China Sea,” Russian Journal of Marine Biology, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2000, pp. 18-26. doi: 10.1007/BF02759489 [32] B. Salvat “Dredging in Coral Reefs,” In: B. Salvat, Ed., Human Impact on Coral Reefs: Facts and Recommendations, Museum National D’histoire Naturelle et école Pratique des Hautes études, Antenne de Tahiti & Centre de l’Environnement, California, 1987, pp. 165-184. [33] K. Sakai, T. Yeemin, A. Svidvong and M. Nishihira, “Distribution and Community Structure of Hermatypic Corals in the Sichang Islands, Inner Part of the Gulf of Thailand,” Galaxea, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1986, pp. 27-74. [34] D. C. Miller, M. J. Bock and E. J. Turner, “Deposit and Suspension Feeding in Oscillatory Flows and Sediment Fluxes,” Journal of Marine Research, Vol. 50, No. 3, 1992, pp. 489-520. doi:10.1357/002224092784797601 [35] M. M. Mills and K. P. Sebens, “Ingestion and Assimilation of Nitrogen from Benthic Sediments by Three Species of Coral,” Marine Biology, Vol. 145, No. 6, 2004, pp. 1097-1106. doi:10.1007/s00227-004-1398-3 [36] M. A. R. Koehl, “Mechanical Design of Spicule-Reinforeed Connective Tissues: Stiffness,” Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 98, 1982, pp. 239-267. [37] C.-F. Dai, “Distribution and Adaptive Strategies of Alcyonacean Cor?als in Nanwan Bay,” Hydrobiologia, Vol. 216, No. 1, 1991, pp. 241-246. doi:10.1007/BF00026469 [38] Yu. Ya. Lalypov and A. N. Malyutin, “Structure of Coral Communities on the Eastern Part of Baitylong Archipelago, South China Sea,” Asian Marine Biology, Vol. 13, 1996, pp. 15-24. [39] Yu. Ya. Latypov, “Benthic Communities of the Coral Reefs of the Kondao Islands in South China Sea,” Russian Journal of Marine Biology, Vol. 19, No. 5-6, 1993, pp. 310-318. [40] D. R. Choi, “Ecological Succession of Reef CavityDwellers (Coelobites) in Coral Rubble,” Bulletin Marine of Science, Vol. 35, No. 1, 1984, pp. 72-79. [41] H. Ohba, K. Hashimoto, K. Shimoike, T. Shibuno and Y. Fujioka, “Secondary Succession of Coral Reef Communities at Urasoko Bay, Ishigaki Island, the Ryukyus (Southern Japan),” Proceeding of the 11th Internet Coral Reef Symposium Ft Lauderdale, Florida, 7-11 July 2008, pp. 319-327. [42] B. V. Preobrazhensky and Yu. Ya. Latypov, “Regeneration Processes in the Coral Reef Ecosystem,” Biology, Morphology, Taxonomy and Ecology of Coral Reefs, Moscow, 1980, pp. 5-12.