[1] Crowley, T.J. and North, G.R. (1991) Paleoclimatology. Oxford University Press, New York.
[2] Thomas, E. (2008) Descent into the icehouse. Geology, 36, 191-192. doi:10.1130/focus022008.1
[3] Pagani, M., Zachos, J.C., Freeman, K.H., Tipple, B. and Bohaty, S. (2005) Marked decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during the Paleogene. Science, 309, 600-603. doi:10.1126/science.1110063
[4] Shellito, C.J., Sloan, L.C. and Huber, M. (2003) Climate model sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 levels in the Early- Middle Paleogene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 193, 113-123. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00718-6
[5] Zachos, J.C., Dickens, G.R. and Zeebe, R.E. (2008) An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics. Nature, 451, 279-283. doi:10.1038/nature06588
[6] Barron, E.J. and Peterson, W.H. (1991) The Cenozoic ocean circulation based on ocean general circulation model results. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 83, 1-28. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(91)90073-Z
[7] Bice, K.L., Scotese, C.R., Seidov, D. and Barron, E.J. (2000) Quantifying the role of geographic change in Cenozoic ocean heat transport using uncoupled atmosphere and ocean models. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 161, 295-310. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00072-9
[8] Seidov, D.G. (1986) Auto-oscillations in the system large- scale circulation and synoptic ocean eddies. Isvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 22, 679-685.
[9] Pekar, S.F. (2008) Climate change: When did the icehouse cometh? Nature, 455, 602-603. doi:10.1038/455602a
[10] Bell, R.E., Luydendy, B.P. and Wilson, T.J. (2008) Antarctica: A keystone in a changing world. EOS, 89, 4. doi:10.1029/2008EO010005
[11] Pekar, S.F. and Deconto, R.M. (2006) High-resolution ice-volume estimates for the early Miocene: Evidence for a dynamic ice sheet in Antarctica. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 231, 101-109. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.027
[12] Abreu, V.S. and Anderson, J.B. (1998) Glacial eustacy during the Cenozoic: Sequence stratigraphic implications. American Association Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 82, 1385-1400.
[13] Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E. and Billups, K. (2001) Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global cli- mate 65 Ma to present. Science, 292, 686-693. doi:10.1126/science.1059412
[14] Lear, C.H., Mawbey, E.M. and Rosenthal, Y. (2010) Cenozoic benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca and Li/Ca records: Toward unlocking temperatures and saturation states. Paleoceanography, 25, 1-11. doi:10.1029/2009PA001880
[15] Boehme, M. (2003) The miocene climatic optimum: Evidence from ectothermic vertebrates of central Europe. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 195, 389-401. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00367-5
[16] Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Schulz, M. and Erlenkeuser, H. (2005) Impacts of orbital forcing and atmospheric carbon dioxide on Miocene ice-sheet expansion. Nature, 438, 483-487. doi:10.1038/nature04123
[17] Langebroek, P.M., Paul, A. and Schulz, M. (2010) Simulating the sea level imprint on marine oxygen isotope re- cords during the middle Miocene using an ice sheet-cli- mate model. Paleoceanography, 25, 1-12. doi:10.1029/2008PA001704
[18] Pagani, M., Caldeira, K., Berner, R. and Beerling, D.J. (2009) The role of terrestrial plants in limiting atmospheric CO2 decline over the past 24 million years. Nature, 460, 85-88. doi:10.1038/nature08133
[19] Deconto, R.M., Pollard, D., Wilson, P.A., Palike, H., Lear, C.H. and Pagani, M. (2008) Thresholds for cenozoic bipolar glaciation. Nature, 455, 652-657. doi:10.1038/nature07337
[20] Kump, L.R. (2009) Tipping pointedly colder. Science, 323, 1175-1176. doi:10.1126/science.1170613
[21] Bice, K.L. and Marotzke, J. (2001) Numerical evidence against reversed thermohaline circulation in the warm Paleocene/Eocene ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 11529-511542. doi:10.1029/2000JC000561
[22] Haupt, B.J. and Seidov, D. (2001) Warm deep-water ocean conveyor during the Cretaceous time. Geology, 29, 295-298. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0295:WDWOCD>2.0.CO;2
[23] Haupt, B.J. and Seidov, D. (2007) Strengths and weaknesses of the global ocean conveyor: Inter-basin freshwater disparities as the major control. Progress in Oceanography, 73, 358-369. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2006.12.004
[24] Seidov, D., Barron, E.J. and Haupt, B.J. (2001) Meltwater and the global ocean conveyor: Northern versus southern connections. Global and Planetary Change, 30, 253-266. doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00087-4
[25] Seidov, D., Sarnthein, M., Stattegger, K., Prien, R. and Weinelt, M. (1996) North Atlantic ocean circulation during the Last Glacial Maximum and subsequent meltwater event: A numerical model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 16305-16332. doi:10.1029/96JC01079
[26] Rahmstorf, S. (1995) Bifurcations of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation in response to changes in the hydrological cycle. Nature, 378, 145-149. doi:10.1038/378145a0
[27] Schmittner, A., Meissner, K.J., Eby, M. and Weaver, A.J. (2002) Forcing of deep ocean circulation in simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum. Paleoceanography, 17, 15.
[28] Stocker, T.F., Wright, D.G. and Broecker, W.S. (1992) The influence of high-latitude surface forcing on the global thermohaline circulation. Paleoceanography, 7, 529-541. doi:10.1029/92PA01695
[29] Stouffer, R.J., Seidov, D. and Haupt, B.J. (2007) Climate response to external sources of freshwater: North Atlantic versus the Southern ocean. Journal of Climate, 20, 436- 448. doi:10.1175/JCLI4015.1
[30] Weaver, A.J., Saenko, O.A., Clark, P.U. and Mitrovica, J.X. (2003) Meltwater pulse 1A from Antarctica as a trigger of the B?lling-Aller?d warm interval. Science, 299, 1709-1713. doi:10.1126/science.1081002
[31] Cox, M. and Bryan, K. (1984) A numerical model of the ventilated thermocline. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 14, 674-687. doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1984)014<0674:ANMOTV>2.0.CO;2
[32] Butzin, M., Lohmann, G. and Bickert, T. (2011) Miocene ocean circulation inferred from marine carbon cycle modeling combined with benthic isotope records. Paleoceanography, 26, 1-19. doi:10.1029/2009PA001901
[33] Herold, N., Mueller, R.D. and Seton, M. (2010) Comparing early to middle Miocene terrestrial climate simulations with geological data. Geosphere, 6, 952-961. doi:10.1130/GES00544.1
[34] Dickens, J.M. (2004) Ocean-atmosphere feedback in climate simulations using off-line modules of a coupled ocean- atmosphere model. Master’s Thesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
[35] Barron, E.J. and Moore, G.T. (1994) Climate model applications in paleoenvironmental analysis. Geological Society Publishing, Tulsa.
[36] Vertenstein, M. and Kluzek, E.B. (1999) User’s guide to LSM1.1. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder.
[37] Kluzek, E.B., Olson, J., Rosinski, J.M., Truesdale, J.E. and Vertenstein, M. (1999) User’s guide to NCAR CCM 3.6, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder.
[38] Pacanowski, R.C. (1996) User’s guide and reference manual, GFDL Ocean Technical Report, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton.
[39] Herrmann, A.D. (2003) Late Ordovician ocean-climate system and paleobiogeography. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
[40] Herrmann, A.D., Haupt, B.J., Patzkowsky, M.E., Seidov, D. and Slingerland, R.L. (2004) Response of Late Ordovician paleoceanography to changes in sea level, continental drift, and atmospheric pCO2: Potential causes for long-term cooling and glaciation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 210, 385-401. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.02.034
[41] Seidov, D. and Haupt, B.J. (1997) Global ocean thermohaline conveyor at present and in the late Quaternary. Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 2817-2820. doi:10.1029/97GL02913
[42] Seidov, D. and Haupt, B.J. (2003) On sensitivity of ocean circulation to sea surface salinity. Global and Planetary Change, 36, 99-116. doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00177-7
[43] Seidov, D. and Haupt, B.J. (2003) Freshwater teleconnections and ocean thermohaline circulation. Geophysical Research Letters, 30, 1-4. doi:10.1029/2002GL016564
[44] Seidov, D. and Haupt, B.J. (2005) How to run a minimalist's global ocean conveyor. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, 1-4. doi:10.1029/2005GL022559
[45] Eldridge, J., Walsh, D. and Scotese, C.R. (2002) PALEOMAP Paleogeographic Atlas. www.scotese.com
[46] Scotese, C.R. (1997) Paleogeographic Atlas, PALEOMAP Progress Report 90-0497. University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington.
[47] Scotese, C.R., Ross, M.I. and Schettino, A. (1998) Plate tectonic reconstruction and animation. EOS, 79, 334.
[48] Toggweiler, J.R. and Bjornsson, H. (2000) Drake Passage and palaeoclimate. Journal of Quarternary Science, 15, 319-328. doi:10.1002/1099-1417(200005)15:4<319::AID-JQS545>3.0.CO;2-C
[49] Maier-Reimer, E., Mikolajewicz, U. and Crowley, T. (1990) Ocean general circulation model sensitivity experiment with an open central American isthmus. Paleoceanography, 5, 349-366. doi:10.1029/PA005i003p00349
[50] Tong, J.A., You, Y., Müller, R.D. and Seton, M. (2009) Climate model sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 concentrations for the middle Miocene. Global and Planetary Change, 67, 129-140. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.02.001
[51] Von Der Heydt, A. and Dijkstra, H.A. (2005) Flow reorganizations in the Panama Seaway: A cause for the demise of Miocene corals? Geophysical Research Letters, 32, 1-4. doi:10.1029/2004GL020990
[52] Jovane, L., Coccioni, R., Marsili, A. and Acton, G. (2009) The late Eocene greenhouse-icehouse transition: Observations from the Massignano global stratotype section and point (GSSP). In: Koeberl, C. and Montanari, A., Eds., The Late Eocene Earth: Hothouse, Icehouse, and Impacts, Geological Society of America, Boulder, 149-168. doi:10.1130/2009.2452(10)
[53] Roegl, F. (1999) Mediterranean and Paratethys. Facts and hypotheses of an Oligoncene to Miocene paleogeography (short overview). Geologica Carpathica, 50, 330-349.
[54] Woodruff, F. and Savin, S.M. (1989) Miocene deepwater oceanography. Paleoceanography, 4, 87-140. doi:10.1029/PA004i001p00087
[55] Herold, N., Seton, M., Mueller, R.D., You, Y. and Huber, M. (2008) Middle Miocene tectonic boundary conditions for use in climate models. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 9, 1-10.
[56] Von Der Heydt, A. and Dijkstra, H.A. (2008) The effect of gateways on ocean circulation patterns in the Cenozoic. Global and Planetary Change, 62, 132-146. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.11.006
[57] Deconto, R.M. and Pollard, D. (2003) A coupled climate-ice sheet modeling approach to the Early Cenozoic history of the Antarctic ice sheet. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 198, 39-52. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00393-6
[58] Langebroek, P.M., Paul, A. and Schulz, M. (2009) Antarctic ice-sheet response to atmospheric nd insolation in the Middle Miocene. Climate of the Past, 5, 633-646. doi:10.5194/cp-5-633-2009
[59] Seidov, D. and Maslin, M. (2001) Atlantic Ocean heat piracy and the bi-polar climate sea-saw during Heinrich and Dansgaard-Oeschger events. Journal of Quaternary Science, 16, 321-328. doi:10.1002/jqs.595