The Effect of Herbicides on the Egyptian Broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) in Tomato Fields
ABSTRACT
The Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers.) is an obligate holoparasitic weed that causes severe damage to many important vegetable and field crops. In this investigation, three herbicides; chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron and imazaquin were tested to evaluate their efficiency in controlling the tomato broomrape. The herbicides significantly reduced the broomrape parasitizing tomato plants growing in pots, irrigated open field and under greenhouse conditions as foliar spray at the concentrations (0.5 - 10 μg·ml-1) without visible injury effect on the plants. In the pot experiments, triasulfuron increased the dead spikes from 77% to 84%; chlorsulfuron from 51% to 84% and imazaquin from 52% to 84% at the concentrations (0.5 - 5 μg·ml-1) compared with the control. In the irrigated open field experiment, the herbicides were less efficient in controlling the broomrape. The dead spikes increased from 10.5% to 29.1% at the concentrations (1 - 5 μg·ml-1) compared with the control. In the greenhouse experiment, the herbicides were more effective than open field and the dead spikes were increased from 30 to 68% at the concentrations 5 and 10 μg·ml-1. In conclusion, the foliar application of herbicides were able to increase the broomrape dead spikes attached to the tomato plants at the concentrations (3 - 5 μg·ml-1) without visible negative effect on tomato plants.
The Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers.) is an obligate holoparasitic weed that causes severe damage to many important vegetable and field crops. In this investigation, three herbicides; chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron and imazaquin were tested to evaluate their efficiency in controlling the tomato broomrape. The herbicides significantly reduced the broomrape parasitizing tomato plants growing in pots, irrigated open field and under greenhouse conditions as foliar spray at the concentrations (0.5 - 10 μg·ml-1) without visible injury effect on the plants. In the pot experiments, triasulfuron increased the dead spikes from 77% to 84%; chlorsulfuron from 51% to 84% and imazaquin from 52% to 84% at the concentrations (0.5 - 5 μg·ml-1) compared with the control. In the irrigated open field experiment, the herbicides were less efficient in controlling the broomrape. The dead spikes increased from 10.5% to 29.1% at the concentrations (1 - 5 μg·ml-1) compared with the control. In the greenhouse experiment, the herbicides were more effective than open field and the dead spikes were increased from 30 to 68% at the concentrations 5 and 10 μg·ml-1. In conclusion, the foliar application of herbicides were able to increase the broomrape dead spikes attached to the tomato plants at the concentrations (3 - 5 μg·ml-1) without visible negative effect on tomato plants.
Cite this paper
I. Ghannam, M. Al-Masri and R. Barakat, "The Effect of Herbicides on the Egyptian Broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) in Tomato Fields," American Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 3 No. 3, 2012, pp. 346-352. doi: 10.4236/ajps.2012.33041.
I. Ghannam, M. Al-Masri and R. Barakat, "The Effect of Herbicides on the Egyptian Broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) in Tomato Fields," American Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 3 No. 3, 2012, pp. 346-352. doi: 10.4236/ajps.2012.33041.
References
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Garcia-Torres and F. Lopez-Granados, “Control of Broomrape (Orobanche crenata) in Broad Beans (Vicia faba) with Imidazolinones and Other Herbicides,” Weed Research, Vol. 31, No. 4, 1991, pp. 227-235. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3180.1991.tb01762.x [15] L. Garcia-Torres, F. Lopez-Granados and M. Castejón-Mu?oz, “Pre-Emergence Herbicides for the Control of Broomrape (Orobanche cernua Loefl.) in Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.),” Weed Research, Vol. 34, No. 6, 1995, pp. 395-402. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3180.1994.tb02035.x [16] L. Garcia-Torres, M. Jurado-Exposito, M. Casejon-Munoz and F. Lopez-Granados, “Herbicide-Treated Crop Seeds for Control of Orobanche spp.,” In: J. I. Cubero, D. Berner, D. M. Joel, L. J. Musselman and C. Parker, Eds., Advances in Parasitic Plant Research. Proceedings of Sixth International Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, 16-18 November 1996, pp. 669-706. [17] M. A. Haidar, M. M. Sidahmed, R. Darwish and A. Lafta, “Selective Control of Orobanche ramosa in Potato with Rimsulfuron and Sub-Lethal Doses of Glyphosate,” Crop Protection, Vol. 24, No. 8, 2005, pp. 743-747. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2005.01.005 [18] R. H. Burnhard, “Orobanche spp. (Biology, Damage and Control, Yield Loss Prediction Based on Quantitative Estimation of Parasites Seeds in the Soil),” Master’s Thesis, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, 1995. [19] R. Jacobsohn and D. Levy, “Glyphosate for Orobanche Control in Various Crops: Problems and Promises,” In: S. J. Terborg, Ed., Proceedings of Workshop on Biology and Control of Orobanche, Wageningen, 13-17 Jaunary 1986, pp. 172-175. [20] Y. Kleifeld, Y. Goldwasser, D. Plakhine, G. Herzlinger, S. Golan and J. Hershenhorn, “Selective Control of Orobanche spp. with imazamethapyr,” In: K. Wegman, L. J. Musselman and D. M. Joel, Eds., Current Problems of Orobanche Researches. Proceedings of the Fourth International Orobanche Workshop. Institute for Wheat and Sunflower, Albena, 1998, pp. 359-365. [21] E. Kotoula-Syka, “Parasitic Plant Management in Sustainable Agriculture,” Joint Meeting of WG 1+3, Sofia, 2002. [22] Y. Goldwasser, H. Eizenberg, J. Hershenhorn, D. Plakhine, T. Blumenfeld, H. Buxbaum, S. Golan and Y. Kleifeld, “Control of Orobanche aegyptiaca and Orobanche ramose in Potato,” Crop Protection, Vol. 20, No. 5, 2001, pp. 403-410.
[1] C. Parker and C. R. Riches, “Parasitic Weeds of the World: Biology and Control,” CAB International, University of Arizona Press, Wallingford, 1993, p. 322. [2] A. Boari, M. Vurro, M. A. Abouzeid and M. C. Zonno, “Evidente Microbes and Microbial Products for Biological Control of Parasitic Weeds,” International Bioherbicide Group Workshop, Canberra, 2003, p. 6. [3] J. R. Qasem, “Chemical Control of Branched Broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) in Glasshouse Grown Tomato,” Crop Protection, Vol. 17, No. 8, 1998, pp. 625-630. doi:10.1016/S0261-2194(98)00062-3 [4] N. Zehhar, M. Ingouff, D. Bouta and A. Fer, “Possible Involvement of Gibberellins and Ethylene in Orobanche ramosa Germination,” Weed Research, Vol. 42, No. 6, 2002, pp. 464-469. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3180.2002.00306.x [5] B. D. Acharya, G. B. Khattri, M. k. Chettri and S. C. Srivastava, “Effect of Brassica campestris var. Toria as a Catch Crop on Orobanche aegyptiaca Seed Bank,” Crop Protection, Vol. 21, No. 7, 2002, pp. 533-537. doi:10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00137-5 [6] B. E. Abu-Irmaileh, “Soil Solarization Controls Broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) in Host Vegetable Crops in the Jordan Valley,” Weed Technology, Vol. 5, No. 3, 1991, pp. 575-581. [7] J. H. Westwood and C. L. Foy, “Influence of Nitrogen on Germination and Early Development of Broomrape (Orobanche spp.),” Weed Science, Vol. 47, No. 1, 1999, pp. 2-7. [8] M. A. Haidar and M. M. Sidahmed, “Elemental Sulfur and Chicken Manure for the Control of the Branched Broomrape (Orobanche ramosa),” Crop Protection, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2006, pp. 47-51. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2005.03.022 [9] C. L. Foy, J. Rakesh and R. Jacobsohn, “Recent Approaches for Chemical Control of Broomrape (Orobanche spp.),” Reviews in Weed Science, Vol. 4, 1989, 123-152. [10] D. Plakhine, Y. Goldwasser, J. Hershenhorn and Y. Kleifeld, “Effect of Sulfonylurea Herbicides on Early Development Stages of Orobanche aegyptiaca,” In: M. T. Moreno, J. I. Cubero, D. Berner, D. M. Joel, L. J. Musselman and C. Parker, Eds. Advances in Parasitic Plant Research. Proceeding of 6th International Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, 1996, pp. 716-725. [11] H. Reinke, A. Rosenzweig, K. M. Clausm, C. Chisholm and P. Jensen, “Experimental Sulfonylurea Herbicide for Potatoes,” Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference of Weeds, Brighton, 18-21 November1991, pp. 445-451. [12] I. M. Ghannam, R. M. Barakat and M. I. Al-Masri, “Biological Control of Broomrape (Orbanche aegyptica) Using Fusarium spp.,” Phytopathologia Mediterranea, Vol. 46, 2007, pp. 177-184. [13] J. Hershenhorn, Y. Goldwasser, D. Plakhine, J. H. Westwood, C. L. Foy and Y. Kleifeld, “Effect of Sulfonylurea Herbicides on Early Development of Egyptian Broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) in Tomato,” Weed Technology, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1998, pp. 108-114. [14] L. Garcia-Torres and F. Lopez-Granados, “Control of Broomrape (Orobanche crenata) in Broad Beans (Vicia faba) with Imidazolinones and Other Herbicides,” Weed Research, Vol. 31, No. 4, 1991, pp. 227-235. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3180.1991.tb01762.x [15] L. Garcia-Torres, F. Lopez-Granados and M. Castejón-Mu?oz, “Pre-Emergence Herbicides for the Control of Broomrape (Orobanche cernua Loefl.) in Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.),” Weed Research, Vol. 34, No. 6, 1995, pp. 395-402. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3180.1994.tb02035.x [16] L. Garcia-Torres, M. Jurado-Exposito, M. Casejon-Munoz and F. Lopez-Granados, “Herbicide-Treated Crop Seeds for Control of Orobanche spp.,” In: J. I. Cubero, D. Berner, D. M. Joel, L. J. Musselman and C. Parker, Eds., Advances in Parasitic Plant Research. Proceedings of Sixth International Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, 16-18 November 1996, pp. 669-706. [17] M. A. Haidar, M. M. Sidahmed, R. Darwish and A. Lafta, “Selective Control of Orobanche ramosa in Potato with Rimsulfuron and Sub-Lethal Doses of Glyphosate,” Crop Protection, Vol. 24, No. 8, 2005, pp. 743-747. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2005.01.005 [18] R. H. Burnhard, “Orobanche spp. (Biology, Damage and Control, Yield Loss Prediction Based on Quantitative Estimation of Parasites Seeds in the Soil),” Master’s Thesis, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, 1995. [19] R. Jacobsohn and D. Levy, “Glyphosate for Orobanche Control in Various Crops: Problems and Promises,” In: S. J. Terborg, Ed., Proceedings of Workshop on Biology and Control of Orobanche, Wageningen, 13-17 Jaunary 1986, pp. 172-175. [20] Y. Kleifeld, Y. Goldwasser, D. Plakhine, G. Herzlinger, S. Golan and J. Hershenhorn, “Selective Control of Orobanche spp. with imazamethapyr,” In: K. Wegman, L. J. Musselman and D. M. Joel, Eds., Current Problems of Orobanche Researches. Proceedings of the Fourth International Orobanche Workshop. Institute for Wheat and Sunflower, Albena, 1998, pp. 359-365. [21] E. Kotoula-Syka, “Parasitic Plant Management in Sustainable Agriculture,” Joint Meeting of WG 1+3, Sofia, 2002. [22] Y. Goldwasser, H. Eizenberg, J. Hershenhorn, D. Plakhine, T. Blumenfeld, H. Buxbaum, S. Golan and Y. Kleifeld, “Control of Orobanche aegyptiaca and Orobanche ramose in Potato,” Crop Protection, Vol. 20, No. 5, 2001, pp. 403-410.