Foreign Workers without Work Permit in Istanbul: A Sociological Study
Affiliation(s)
Department of Sociology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Zonguldak, Turkey.
Department of Sociology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Zonguldak, Turkey.
ABSTRACT
Economic inequality is one of the major reasons for current migration issues for both individuals and nations. Other significant reasons are threatening environment, natural disasters (drought, scarce resources, earthquake, etc.) and epidemic illnesses. Countries try to achieve their large-scale development plans and service plans so that international capital flows and service and goods are imported and exported as well as information exchange and migration of workforce are experienced. Certain crime types have gained a global character as a result of new world order accompanied by globalisation and it moves between countries. Both illegal migration and international workers without work permit are among such crime types. This study aims to identify the reasons for foreign people who came Istanbul, leading to have their profiles. Another aim of the study is to analyse the position of people from the former Communist countries that are relatively new established as a result of new world order of 1990’s and that are experiencing a process of adoptation to the capitalist economy.
Economic inequality is one of the major reasons for current migration issues for both individuals and nations. Other significant reasons are threatening environment, natural disasters (drought, scarce resources, earthquake, etc.) and epidemic illnesses. Countries try to achieve their large-scale development plans and service plans so that international capital flows and service and goods are imported and exported as well as information exchange and migration of workforce are experienced. Certain crime types have gained a global character as a result of new world order accompanied by globalisation and it moves between countries. Both illegal migration and international workers without work permit are among such crime types. This study aims to identify the reasons for foreign people who came Istanbul, leading to have their profiles. Another aim of the study is to analyse the position of people from the former Communist countries that are relatively new established as a result of new world order of 1990’s and that are experiencing a process of adoptation to the capitalist economy.
Cite this paper
Icli, T. & Sever, H. (2012). Foreign Workers without Work Permit in Istanbul: A Sociological Study. Advances in Applied Sociology, 2, 37-46. doi: 10.4236/aasoci.2012.21005.
Icli, T. & Sever, H. (2012). Foreign Workers without Work Permit in Istanbul: A Sociological Study. Advances in Applied Sociology, 2, 37-46. doi: 10.4236/aasoci.2012.21005.
References
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London: Sage Publications. [56] Walmsley, D. Boskovic, R. & Pigram, J., (1983), Tourism and crime: An Australian perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, 15, 136-155 [57] Yal??n, C. (2004). G?? Sosyolojisi. Ankara: An? Yay?nc?l?k. [58] Zawadzka, G. & Zarański, A. (2003). Control of the legality of employment in 2002. Rynek Pracy, 201-215.
[1] Allen, J. (1999). Crime against international tourists. NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, Number 43. URL (last checked 10 May 2009). http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/bocsar/ [2] Barker, M., Page, S. J. & Meyer, D. (2002). Modelling tourism crime: The 2000 America’s cup. Annals of Tourism Research, 29, 762-782. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00079-2 [3] Bartoszewicz, W. (2006). Aims, motives and forms of visits to Poland in 2005. Institute of Tourism: Warsaw. URL (last checked 15 May 2009). http://www.intur.com.pl/inne/celemotywy2005.pdf [4] Barrwell, S., Phillips, R. & Schmiechen, M. (2000). Trafficking in woman: Moldova and Ukraine, URL (last checked 20 May 2009). http://www.minadvocates.org [5] Bentley, T. & Page, S. (2001). Scoping the Extent of Tourist Accidents. Annals of Tourism Research, 28, 705-726. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00058-X [6] Biffl, G. (2002). Integration of Foreigners and their Effects on the Labour Market in Austria. In G. Biffl (Ed.), Illegal Employment (pp. 346-350). Vienna: Austrian Institute for Economic Research. [7] Bijak, J. (2006). Forecasting ?nternational migration: Selected theories, models and methods. Warsaw: Central European Forum for Migra- tion Research. [8] Biletta, I. Y. & Meixner, M. (2005). EIRO thematic feature—Industrial relations and undeclared work. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. URL (last checked 10 April 2010). http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2005/135/en/1/ef05135en.pdf [9] B?hm, H. (1998). Refugee policy in Austria under the aspect of the border surveillance and support operation of the austrian federal army. Master Thesis, Vienna: University of Vienna. [10] Camarota, S. A. (2004). The high cost of cheap labor, illegal immigration and the federal budget. Washington DC: Center for Immigration Studies. [11] Chesney-Lind, M. & Lind, I. (1986). Visitors as victims: Crimes against tourists in Hawaii. Annals of Tourism Research, 13, 167-191. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(86)90036-8 [12] Chiswick, B. & Hatton, T. (2003). International migration and the integration of labor markets. In M. D. Bordo, A. M. Taylor & J. G. Williamson (Eds.), Globalization in historical perspective (pp. 65-117). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. [13] Cloward, R. & Ohlin, L. (1960). Delinquency and opportunity. New York: The Free Press. [14] CSO. (2005). Unregistered work in Poland in 2004. Warsaw: Central Statistical Office. [15] De Albuquerque, K. & McElroy, J. (1999). Tourism and crime in the Caribbean. Annals of Tourism Research, 26, 968-984. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00031-6 [16] De Regt, M. (2007). Migration to and through Yemen: The case of migrant domestic workers. Migration and Refugee Movements in the Middle East and North Africa—The Forced Migration & Refugee Studies Program. Cairo: The American University in Cairo. [17] Flaszyńska, E. & Zarański, A. (2005). Employ legally and work legally: The work of the services controlling the legality of employment in 2004, Rynek Pracy, 68-86. [18] Fujii, E. & Mak, J. (1980). Tourism and crime: Implications for regional development policy. Regional Studies, 14, 27-36. doi:10.1080/09595238000185031 [19] Golinowska, S. (2005). Changes in labour and the situation on the labour market. In F. Ebert (Eds.), Poland 2005: Social report (pp. 77-102). Stiftung: Warsaw. [20] Hatton, T .J. & Williamson, J. G. (1998). The age of mass migration. Causes and economic impact. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [21] Houben, K. (1999). Social and Economic Rights of Illegal Migrants in Austria and Belgium. Master Thesis, Vienna: European Master’s Degree in Human Rights and Democratization. [22] Hughes, D. (2002). Trafficking for sexual exploitations: The case of Russian Federation. Geneva: IOM. [23] Huguet, J. W. & Punpuing, S. (2005). International migration in Thailand. Bangkok: International Organization for Migration, Regional Office. [24] Iglicka, K. (2000). Ethnic division on emerging foreign labour markets in Poland during the transition period. Europe-Asia Studies, 52, 1237- 1255. doi:10.1080/713663127 [25] IOM. (2005). Illegal Immigration in Austria, “Illegally Resident Third Country Nationals in the EU Member States: State Approaches towards Them and Their Profile and Social Situation,” Vienna. [26] Juhász, J. (1999). Illegal Labour Migration and Employment in Hungary. Geneva: International Migration Papers, ILO Migration Programme. [27] ??li, T. G. (2007). Kriminoloji. Ankara: Se?kin Yay?nlar?. [28] I?li, T. & Sever, H. (2008). Profiling foreigners ?nvolved in crime: The case of ?stanbul. Conference of Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, 17-19 March 2008, ?zmir. [29] IEM. (2008). Istanbul Emniyet Mudurlugu verileri. URL (last checked 13 February 2009). http://www.iem.gov.tr [30] Kelly, I. (1993). Tourist destination crime rates: An Examination of cairns and the gold coast, Australia. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 4, 2-11. [31] Kicinger, A., & Kloc-Nowak, W. (2008). Combating the illegal employment of foreigners in the enlarged EU: The case of Poland. Warsaw: CEFMR Working Paper, Central European Forum for Migration and Population Research. [32] Levehenco, K. (1999). Legal study on the combat of trafficking in woman for the porpose of forced prostitution in Ukraine. Vienna: L.B.Ins. of Human Rights. [33] Luckoo, E. & Tzvekova, M. (2002). Combating trafficking in Persons: A Directory of Organizations. London: CHANGE. [34] Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, E. J. (1993). Theories of international migration: Review and appraisal. Population and Development Review, 19, 54-77. [35] Matuschek, H. (2002). Methodological problems of measuring illegal employment and migration. In G. Biffl (Ed.), Integration of foreigners and their effects on the labour market in Austria, (pp. 351-361) Vienna: UWT. [36] Messinger, I. (2000). Illegalised refugee adolescents alone in Vienna. Possibilities and limits of sociopedagogic work. Master Thesis, Vienna: University of Vienna. [37] Ministry of Labour and Social Policy. (2007). Control of legality of employment 2006. Warsaw: Department of the Labour Market, Ministry of Labour and Social Policy. [38] O’Rourke, K. & Williamson, J. (2000). Globalization and history. The evolution of a nineteenth-century economy. Cambridge: MIT Press. [39] Parekh, B. (1997). Dilemmas of a multicultural theory of citizenship. Constellations, 4, 54-63. doi:10.1111/1467-8675.00036 [40] Parsons, T. (1951). The social system. New York: Free Press. [41] Piore, M. J. (1979). Bird of passage: Migrant labour in ?ndustrial so- cities. Cambridge: Cambridge University. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511572210 [42] Pizam, A. & Mansfeld, Y. (1996). Tourism, crime and international security issues. Chichester: Wiley. [43] Prideaux, B. (1994). Mass tourism and crime: Is there a connection? A study of crime in major Queensland tourism destinations. Tourism Research and Education Conference, Queensland, 251-260. [44] Rechling, D. (2004). Paid domestic work: Aspects of the environment of illegalised migrant women—Structural framework—Case study. Master Thesis, Vienna: University of Vienna. [45] Rosenberg, N. & Birdzell, L. E. (1992). How the west grew rich: The economic transformation of the ?ndustrial world. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data, New York: Basic Boks Inc. [46] Schneider, F. (2003). The extent of informal economy in the year 2003 in Germany, Austria and Switzerland—Further increase of the shadow economy. Universit?t Linz, 1-16. URL (last checked 13 February 2005). http://www.economics.uni-linz.ac.at/Schneider/PfuschOeDCH2003.pdf [47] Sever, H. & Arslan, S. (2008). ?nsan Borsas?. Ankara: Adalet Yay?nlar?. [48] Sohler, K. (1999). On the new formulation of inner security policy in the context of immigration control in Austria 1989-1999. Master Thesis, Vienna: University of Vienna. [49] Solimano, A. (2010). International migration in the age of globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [50] Tarlow, P. (2000). Creating safe and secure communities in economically challenging times. Tourism Economics, 6, 139-149. doi:10.5367/000000000101297532 [51] Tschernitz, A. (2004), The development of organised criminality in austria in the last 10 years with special attention to smuggling of human beings. Ph.D. Thesis, Graz: Karl-Franzens-Universit?t. [52] Toynbee, A. J. (1946). A study of history. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [53] TU?K. (2008). TU?K verileri. URL (last checked 28 June 2010). http://www.tuik.gov.tr [54] TU?K. (2010). 2009 Hane Halk? ??gücü ?statistikleri. URL (last checked 28 June 2010). http://www.tuik.gov.tr [55] Turner, B. S. (1999). Classical sociology. London: Sage Publications. [56] Walmsley, D. Boskovic, R. & Pigram, J., (1983), Tourism and crime: An Australian perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, 15, 136-155 [57] Yal??n, C. (2004). G?? Sosyolojisi. Ankara: An? Yay?nc?l?k. [58] Zawadzka, G. & Zarański, A. (2003). Control of the legality of employment in 2002. Rynek Pracy, 201-215.