[1] Gross, G.J., Kersten, J.R. and Warltier, D.C. (1999) Mechanisms of postischemic contractile dysfunction. Annual Thoracic Surgery, 68, 1898-1904. doi:10.1016/S0003-4975(99)01035-8
[2] Przyklenk, K. (2001) Pharmacologic treatment of the stunned myocardium: The concepts and the challenges. Coronary Artery Disease, 12, 363-369. doi:10.1097/00019501-200108000-00005
[3] Pisarenko, O.I., Lepilin, M.G. and Ivanov, V.E. (1986) Cardiac metabolism and performance during L-glutamic acid infusion in postoperative cardiac failure. Clinical Science, 70, 7-12.
[4] Verma, S., Fedak, P.W.M. and Weisel, R.D. (2002) Fundamentals of reperfusion injury for the clinical cardiologist. Circulation, 105, 2332-2336. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000016602.96363.36
[5] Kleinz, M.J. and Davenport, A.P. (2005) Emerging roles of apelin in biology and medicine. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 107, 198-211. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.001
[6] Tatemoto, K., Hosoya, M., Habata, Y., et al. (1998) Isolation and characterization of a novel endogenous peptide ligand for the human APJ receptor. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 251, 471-476. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.9489
[7] Berry, M.F., Pirolli, T.J., Jayasankar, V., et al. (2004) Apelin has in vivo inotropic effects on normal and failing hearts. Circulation, 110, II187-II193. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000138382.57325.5c
[8] Chen, M.M., Ashley, E.A., Deng, D.X., et al. (2003) Novel role for the potent endogenous inotrope apelin in human cardiac dysfunction. Circulation, 108, 1432-1439. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000091235.94914.75
[9] Japp, A.G., Cruden, N.L., Barnes, G., et al. (2010) Acute cardiovascular effects of apelin in humans. Potential role in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation, 12, 1818-1827. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.911339
[10] Simpkin, J.C., Yellon, D.M., Davidson, S.M., et al. (2007) Apelin-13 and apelin-36 exhibit direct cardioprotective activity against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Basic Research in Cardiology, 102, 518-528. doi:10.1007/s00395-007-0671-2
[11] Kleinz, M.J. and Baxter, G.F. (2008) Apelin reduces myocardial reperfusion injury independently of PI3K/Akt and P70S6 kinase. Regulatory Peptides, 146, 271-277. doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2007.10.002
[12] Zeng, X.J., Zhang, L.K., Wang, H.X., et al. (2009) Apelin protects heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat. Peptides, 30, 1144-1152. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2009.02.010
[13] Zhang, Z., Yu, B. and Tao, G. (2009) Apelin protects against cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by glucose deprivation. Chinese Medical Journal, 122, 2360-2365.
[14] Masri, B., Knibiehler, B. and Audigier, Y. (2005) Apelin signalling: A promising pathway from cloning to pharmacology. Cellular Signaling, 17, 415-426. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.09.018
[15] Smith, C.C., Mocanu, M.M., Bowen, J., et al. (2007) Temporal changes in myocardial salvage kinases during reperfusion following ischemia: Studies involving the cardioprotective adipocytokine apelin. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy, 21, 409-414. doi:10.1007/s10557-007-6054-y
[16] Rastaldo, R., Cappello, S., Folino, A. and Losano, G. (2010) Effect of apelin—Apelin receptor system in postischaemic myocardial protection: A pharmacological postconditioning tool? Antioxidants and Redox Signaling, 14, 909-922. doi:10.1089/ars.2010.3355
[17] Datta, S.R., Dudek, H., Tao, X., et al. (1997) Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery. Cell, 91, 231-241. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80405-5
[18] Shultz, R., Kelm, M. and Heusch, G. (2004) Nitric oxide in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cardiovascular Research, 61, 402-413. doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2003.09.019
[19] Balakirev, M.Y., Khramtsov, V.V. and Zimmer, G. (1997) Modulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition by nitric oxide. European Journal of Biochemistry, 246, 710-718. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00710.x
[20] Rastaldo, R., Cappello, S., Folino, A., et al. (2011) Apelin-13 limits infarct size and improves cardiac postischemic mechanical recovery only if given after ischemia. American Journal of Physiology, 300, H2308-Н2315. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01177.2010
[21] Pisarenko, O.I., Shulzhenko, V.S., Pelogeykina, Y.A., Studneva, I.M. and Khatri, D.N. (2010) Apelin-12 improves metabolic and functional recovery of rat heart after global ischemia. Health, 2, 927-934. doi:10.4236/health.2010.28137
[22] Langelaan, D.N. and Rainey, J.K. (2009) Headgroup— Dependent membrane catalysis of apelin-receptor interactions is likely. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 113, 10465-10471. doi:10.1021/jp904562q
[23] Fan, X., Zhou, N., Zhang, X., et al. (2003) Structural and functional study of the apelin-13 peptide, an endogenous ligand of the HIV-1 coreceptor, APJ. Biochemistry, 42, 10163-10168. doi:10.1021/bi030049s
[24] Andelová, E., Barteková, M., Pancza, D. and Ravingerová, T. (2005) The role of No in ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated rat heart. General Physiology and Biophysics, 24, 411-426.
[25] Lamprecht, W. and Trautschold, I. (1974) Creatine phosphate. Determination with CK, HK and G6P-DH. In: Bergmeyer, H.U. Ed., Methods of enzymatic analysis, Academic Press, New York, 1777-1781.
[26] Jaworek, D., Gruber, W. and Bergmeyer, H.U. (1974) Adenosine-5’-diphosphate and adenosine-5’-monopho sphate. In: Bergmeyer, H.U., Ed., Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Academic Press, New York, 2127-2131.
[27] Bernt, E., Bergmeyer, H.U. and Mollering, H. (1974) Creatine. In: Bergmeyer, H.U., Ed., Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Academic Press, New York, 1772-1776.
[28] Gutman, I. and Wahlenfeld, A.W.L. (1963) L-(+)-lactate. determination with LDH and NAD. In: Bergmeyer, H.U., Ed., Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Academic Press, New York, 1464-1467.
[29] Bucher, T., Czok, R., Lamprecht, W., et al. (1963) Pyruvate. In: Bergmeyer, H.U., Ed., Methods of enzymatic analysis, Academic Press, New York, 2253-2259.
[30] Bergmeyer, H.U. and Bernt, E. (1974) Lactate dehydrogenase. UV-assay with pyruvate and NADH. In: Bergmeyer, H.U., Ed., Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Academic Press, New York, 574-578.
[31] Dray, C., Knauf, C., Daviaud, D., et al. (2008) Apelin stimulates glucose utilization in normal and obese insulin-resistant mice. Cell Metabolism, 8, 437-445. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2008.10.003
[32] Li, J., Hu, X., Selvakumar, P., et al. (2004) Role of the nitric oxide pathway in AMPK-mediated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation in heart muscle. American Journal of Physiology, 287, E834-E841. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00234.2004
[33] Yue, P., Jin, H., Aillaud, M., et al. (2010) Apelin is necessary for the maintenance of insulin sensitivity. American Journal of Physiology, 298, E59-E67. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00385.2009
[34] Lee, D.K., Cheng, R., Nguyen, T., et al. (2000) Characterization of apelin, the ligand for the APJ receptor. Journal of Neurochemistry, 74, 34-41. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0740034.x
[35] Сheng, X., Cheng, X.S. and Pang, C.C. (2003) Venous dilator effect of apelin, an endogenous peptide ligand for the orphan APJ receptor, in conscious rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 470, 171-175. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(03)01821-1
[36] Tatemoto, K., Takayama, K., Zou, M.X., et al. (2001) The novel peptide apelin lowers blood pressure via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Regulatory Peptides, 99, 87-92. doi:10.1016/S0167-0115(01)00236-1
[37] Ishida, J., Hashimoto, T., Hashimoto, Y., et al. (2004) Regulatory roles for APJ, a seven-transmembrane receptor related to angiotensin-type 1 receptor in blood pressure in vivo. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 26274-26279. doi:10.1074/jbc.M404149200
[38] Masri, B., Morin, N., Pedebernade, L., Knibiehler, B. and Audigier, Y. (2006) The apelin receptor is coupled to Gi1 or Gi2 protein and is differentially desensitized by apelin fragments. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281, 18317-18326. doi:10.1074/jbc.M600606200
[39] Zhong, J.C., Yu, X.Y., Huang, Y., et al. (2007) Apelin modulates aortic vascular tone via endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation pathway in diabetic mice. Cardiovascular Research, 74, 388-395. doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.02.002
[40] Chun, H.J., Ali, Z.A., Kojima, Y., et al. (2008) Apelin signaling antagonizes Ang II effects in mouse models of atherosclerosis. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 118, 3343-3354.
[41] Jia, Y.X., Lu, Z.F., Zhang, J., et al. (2007) Apelin activates L-arginine/nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide pathway in rat aortas. Peptides, 28, 2023-2029. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2007.07.016
[42] Wink, D.A., Hanbauer, I., Krishna, M.C., et al. (1993) Nitric oxide protects against cellular damage and cytotoxicity from reactive oxygen species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA, 90, 9813-9817. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.21.9813