Some Factors Affecting the Production of Carotenoids by Rhodotorula glutinis var. glutinis
ABSTRACT
A new yeast strain isolated from pin cushion flower (Scabiosa atropurpura) in our laboratory was selected from 200 yeast isolates as carotenoids producer and identified as Rhodotorula glutinis var. glutinis. The selected isolate was grown in synthetic medium to study the effect of carbon to nitrogen ratio, sources of nitrogen and carbon, mineral salts and incubation temperature on carotenoids production. The results indicated the following optimal conditions: carbon to nitrogen ratio of 5, ammonium sulphate as nitrogen source, sucrose as carbon source, presence of zinc sulphate in the medium and cultivation temperature of 25?C. The studied factors affected the dry biomass as well as the proportion of carotenoids and consequently the colour of pellets of the yeast. The yeast strain was grown under the optimal conditions to study the changes occurring in the medium and the pellets during carotenoids production for 6 days. Carotenoids production started after the first day of incubation and most of the carotenoids content in the yeast cells was produced during stationary phase. The highest cellular (861 μg?g–1) and volumetric (1.9 mg?L–1) carotenoids content were ob- tained after 5 days of growth.
A new yeast strain isolated from pin cushion flower (Scabiosa atropurpura) in our laboratory was selected from 200 yeast isolates as carotenoids producer and identified as Rhodotorula glutinis var. glutinis. The selected isolate was grown in synthetic medium to study the effect of carbon to nitrogen ratio, sources of nitrogen and carbon, mineral salts and incubation temperature on carotenoids production. The results indicated the following optimal conditions: carbon to nitrogen ratio of 5, ammonium sulphate as nitrogen source, sucrose as carbon source, presence of zinc sulphate in the medium and cultivation temperature of 25?C. The studied factors affected the dry biomass as well as the proportion of carotenoids and consequently the colour of pellets of the yeast. The yeast strain was grown under the optimal conditions to study the changes occurring in the medium and the pellets during carotenoids production for 6 days. Carotenoids production started after the first day of incubation and most of the carotenoids content in the yeast cells was produced during stationary phase. The highest cellular (861 μg?g–1) and volumetric (1.9 mg?L–1) carotenoids content were ob- tained after 5 days of growth.
Cite this paper
A. El-Banna, A. El-Razek and A. El-Mahdy, "Some Factors Affecting the Production of Carotenoids by Rhodotorula glutinis var. glutinis," Food and Nutrition Sciences, Vol. 3 No. 1, 2012, pp. 64-71. doi: 10.4236/fns.2012.31011.
A. El-Banna, A. El-Razek and A. El-Mahdy, "Some Factors Affecting the Production of Carotenoids by Rhodotorula glutinis var. glutinis," Food and Nutrition Sciences, Vol. 3 No. 1, 2012, pp. 64-71. doi: 10.4236/fns.2012.31011.
References
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Baron,” Culture of the Astaxanthinogenic Yeast Phaffia rhodozyma in Low Cost Media,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 57-58, No. 1, 1996, pp. 413-422. doi:10.1007/BF02941721 [34] M. C. Rubio, R. Runcoand and A. R. Navarro, “Invertase from a Strain of Rhodotorula glutins,” Phytochemistry, Vol. 61, No. 6, 2002, pp. 605-609. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00336-9 [35] V. Perrier, E. Dubreucq and P. Galzy, “Fatty Acid and Carotenoid Composition of Rhodotorula Strains,” Archives Microbiology, Vol. 164, No. 3, 1995, pp. 173-179. doi:10.1007/BF02529968 [36] H. L. Martelli, I. M. De Silva, N. O. Souza and D. Pomeroy, “Production of β-Carotene by a Rhodotorula Strain Grown on Sugar Cane Juice,” Biotechnology Letters, Vol. 12, No. 3, 1990, pp. 207-208.
[1] W. Stahl and H. Sies, “Bioactivity and Protective Effects of Natural Carotenoids,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Vol. 1740, No. 2, 2005, pp. 101-107 [2] P. Buzzini and A. Martini, “Production of Carotenoids by Strains of Rhodotorula glutinis Cultured in Raw Materials of Agro-Industrial Origin,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 71, No. 1, 1999, pp. 41-44. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00056-5 [3] K. L. Simpson, C. O. Chichester and H. J. Phaff,” Carotenoid Pigments of Yeasts,” In: A. H. Rose and J. S. Harrison, Eds., The Yeasts Vol. 2—Physiology and Biochemistry of Yeasts, Academic Press, New York, 1971, pp. 493-515. [4] P. Margalith and S. Meydav, “Some Observations on the Carotenogenesis in the Yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa,” Phytochemistry, Vol. 7, No. 5, 1968, pp. 765-768. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84829-3 [5] G. Frengova, E. Simova, K. Pavlova, D. M. Beshkova and D. Grigorova, “Formation of Carotenoids by Rhodotorula glutinis in Whey Ultrafiltrate,” Biotechnoloyg and Bioengineering, Vol. 44, No. 8, 1994, pp. 888-894. doi:10.1002/bit.260440804 [6] F. M. Squina, F. Yamashita, J. L. Pereira and A. Z. Mercadante,” Production of Carotenoids by Rhodotorula glutinis in Culture Medium Supplemented with Sugar Cane Juice,” Food Biotechnology, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2002, pp. 227-235. doi:10.1081/FBT-120016776 [7] I. Costa, H. L. Martelli, I. M. De Silva and D. Pomeroy, “Production of β-carotene by a Rhodotorula Strain” Biotechnology Letters, Vol. 9, No. 5, 1987, pp. 373-375. doi:10.1007/BF01025808 [8] D. Müncenerová and J. Augustin,” The Influence of pH on Growth Kinetics of Yeasts in the Presence of Benzoate as a Sole Carbon Source,” Folia Microbiologica, Vol. 39, No. 4, 1994, pp. 265-268. doi:10.1007/BF02814310 [9] P. B. Bhosale and R. V. Gadre, “Production of β-Carotene by a Mutant of Rhodotorula glutinis,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 55, No. 4, 2001, pp. 423-427. doi:10.1007/s002530000570 [10] P. B. Bhosale and R. V. Gadre, “β-Carotene Production in Sugar Cane Molasses by a Rhodotorula glutinis Mutant,” Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotecnogy, Vol. 26, No. 6, 2001, pp. 327-332. doi:10.1038/sj.jim.7000138 [11] I. R. Maldonade, D. B. Rodriguez-Amaya and A. R. P. Scamparini, “Carotenoids of Yeasts Isolated from Brazilian Ecosystem,” Food Chemistery, Vol. 107, No. 1, 2008, pp. 145-150. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.075 [12] H. S. Nam, S. Y. Cho and J. S. Rhee, “High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Major Carotenoids from Rhodotorula glutinis,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 448, 1988, pp. 445-447. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)84610-0 [13] G. I. Frengova, E. D. Simova and D. M. Beshkova, “Effect of Temperature Changes on the Production of Yeast Pigments Co-Cultivated with Lacto-Acid Bacteria in Whey Ultrafiltrate,” Biotechnology Letters, Vol. 17, No. 9, 1995, pp. 1001-1006. doi:10.1007/BF00127443 [14] G. I. Frengova, E. D. Simova and D. M. Beskhova, “Carotenoprotein and Exopolysaccharide Production by Co-Cultures of Rhodotorula glutinis and Lactobacillus helveticus,” Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotecnogy, Vol. 18, No. 4, 1997, pp. 272-277. [15] P. Buzzini and A. Martini, “Production of Carotenoids by strains of Rhodotorula glutinis Cultured in Raw Materials of Agro-Industrial Origin,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 71, No. 1, 1999, pp. 41-44. [16] P. Buzzini, “Batch and Fed-Batch Carotenoid Production by Rhodotorula glutinis-Debaryomyces castellii Co-Cultures in Corn Syrup,” Journal of Applied Microbiology, Vol. 90, No. 5, 2001, pp. 843-847. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01319.x [17] P. B. Bhosale and R. V. Gadre,” Manipulation of Temperature and Illumination Conditions for Enhanced β-Carotene Production by Mutant 32 of Rhodotorula glutinis,” Letters in Applied Microbiology, Vol. 34, No. 5, 2002, pp. 349-353. doi:10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01095.x [18] J. Tinoi, N. Rakariyatham and R. L. Deming, “Simplex Optimization of Carotenoid Production by Rhodotorula glutinis Using Hydrolyzed Mung Bean Waste Flour as Substrate,” Process Biochemistry, Vol. 40, No. 7, 2005, pp. 2551-2557. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2004.11.005 [19] Z. Aksu and A. T. Eren, “Production of Carotenoids by Isolated Yeast of Rhodotorula glutinis,” Biochemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 35, No. 2, 2007, pp. 107-113. doi:10.1016/j.bej.2007.01.004 [20] M. J. Pelczar and E. C. Chan, “Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology,” 14th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977, pp. 59-61. [21] C. T. Shih and Y. D. Hang, “Production of Carotenoids by Rhodotorula rubra from Sauerkraut Brine,” Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und-Technologie, Vol. 29, No. 5-6, 1996, pp. 570-572. [22] Kallmorgen Corporation, “Munsell Colour Charts for Plant Tissues,” Munsell Color Division, Maryland, 1972. [23] N. Harrd, “Astaxanthin Formation by the Yeast Phaffia rhodozyma on Molasses,” Biotechnology Letters, Vol. 10, No. 9, 1988, pp. 609-614. doi:10.1007/BF01024710 [24] E. Stahl, “Thin-Layer Chromatography. A Laboratory Hand-book,” Academic Press, INC. Publisher, New York, 1969, pp.210-343. [25] B. H. Davies, “Analysis of Carotenoid Pigments,” In: T. W. Goodwin, Ed., Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Pigments, Academic Press, New York, 1965, pp. 489-532. [26] V. Perrier, E. Dubreucq and P. Galzy, “Fatty Acid and Carotenoid Composition of Rhodotorula Strains,” Archives of Microbiology, Vol. 164, No. 3, 1995, pp. 173-179. doi:10.1007/BF02529968 [27] Y. Pomeranz and C. E. Meloan, “Food Analysis: Theory and Practice,” AVI Publishing Company, INC., Westport, 1978, pp. 65-67. [28] B. L. Oser, “Hawk’s Physiological Chemistry,” Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1965, pp. 529-544. [29] AOAC, “Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC,” Arlington, Section 2.05, 31.025C, 1984. [30] P. B. Bhosale and R. V. Gadre,” Production of β-Carotene by a Rhodotorula glutinis Mutant in Sea Water Medium,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 76, No. 1, 2001, pp. 53-55. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00075-4 [31] K. Mahattanatavee and S. Kulprecha, “Production of β-Carotene by Rhodotorula sp. Y 1621,” Microbial Utilization of Renewable Resources, Vol. 7, 1991, pp. 295-300. [32] D. K. Sandhu and V. K. Joshi, “Development of Apple Pomace Based Medium, Optimizing Pigment Production by Rhodotorula and Its Characterization,” Advances in Food Science, Vol. 19, No. 1-2, 1997, pp. 31-34. [33] J. D. Fontana, M. F. Guimaráes, N. T. Martins, C. A. Fontana and M. Baron,” Culture of the Astaxanthinogenic Yeast Phaffia rhodozyma in Low Cost Media,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 57-58, No. 1, 1996, pp. 413-422. doi:10.1007/BF02941721 [34] M. C. Rubio, R. Runcoand and A. R. Navarro, “Invertase from a Strain of Rhodotorula glutins,” Phytochemistry, Vol. 61, No. 6, 2002, pp. 605-609. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00336-9 [35] V. Perrier, E. Dubreucq and P. Galzy, “Fatty Acid and Carotenoid Composition of Rhodotorula Strains,” Archives Microbiology, Vol. 164, No. 3, 1995, pp. 173-179. doi:10.1007/BF02529968 [36] H. L. Martelli, I. M. De Silva, N. O. Souza and D. Pomeroy, “Production of β-Carotene by a Rhodotorula Strain Grown on Sugar Cane Juice,” Biotechnology Letters, Vol. 12, No. 3, 1990, pp. 207-208.