An Astrophysical Peek into Einstein’s Static Universe: No Dark Energy
Author(s)
Abhas Mitra
ABSTRACT
It is shown that in order that the fluid pressure and acceleration are uniform and finite in Einstein’s Static Universe (ESU), , the cosmological constant, is zero. being a fundamental constant, should be same everywhere including the Friedman model. Independent proofs show that it must be so. Accordingly, the supposed acceleration of the universe and the attendant concept of “Dark Energy”(DE) could be an illusion; an artifact of explaining cosmological observations in terms of an oversimplified model which is fundamentally inappropriate. Indeed observations show that the actual universe is lumpy and inhomogeneous at the largest scales. Further in order that there is no preferred centre, such inhomogeneity might be expressed in terms of infinite hierarchial fractals. Also, the recent finding that the Friedman model intrinsically corresponds to zero pressure (and hence zero temperature) in accordance with the fact that an ideal Hubble flow implies no collision, no randomness (Mitra, Astrophys. Sp. Sc., 333,351, 2011) too shows that the Friedman model cannot represent the real universe having pressure, temperature and radiation. Dark Energy might also be an artifact of the neglect of dust absorption of distant Type 1a supernovae coupled with likely evolution of supernovae luminosities or imprecise calibration of cosmic distance ladders or other systemetic errors (White, Rep. Prog. Phys., 70, 883, 2007). In reality, observations may not rule out an inhomogeneous static universe (Ellis, Gen. Rel. Grav. 9, 87, 1978).
It is shown that in order that the fluid pressure and acceleration are uniform and finite in Einstein’s Static Universe (ESU), , the cosmological constant, is zero. being a fundamental constant, should be same everywhere including the Friedman model. Independent proofs show that it must be so. Accordingly, the supposed acceleration of the universe and the attendant concept of “Dark Energy”(DE) could be an illusion; an artifact of explaining cosmological observations in terms of an oversimplified model which is fundamentally inappropriate. Indeed observations show that the actual universe is lumpy and inhomogeneous at the largest scales. Further in order that there is no preferred centre, such inhomogeneity might be expressed in terms of infinite hierarchial fractals. Also, the recent finding that the Friedman model intrinsically corresponds to zero pressure (and hence zero temperature) in accordance with the fact that an ideal Hubble flow implies no collision, no randomness (Mitra, Astrophys. Sp. Sc., 333,351, 2011) too shows that the Friedman model cannot represent the real universe having pressure, temperature and radiation. Dark Energy might also be an artifact of the neglect of dust absorption of distant Type 1a supernovae coupled with likely evolution of supernovae luminosities or imprecise calibration of cosmic distance ladders or other systemetic errors (White, Rep. Prog. Phys., 70, 883, 2007). In reality, observations may not rule out an inhomogeneous static universe (Ellis, Gen. Rel. Grav. 9, 87, 1978).
KEYWORDS
General Relativity, Cosmological Constant, Cosmology, Dark Energy, Fractal Cosmology, Static Universe, Big Bang Theory
General Relativity, Cosmological Constant, Cosmology, Dark Energy, Fractal Cosmology, Static Universe, Big Bang Theory
Cite this paper
nullA. Mitra, "An Astrophysical Peek into Einstein’s Static Universe: No Dark Energy," International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 1 No. 4, 2011, pp. 183-199. doi: 10.4236/ijaa.2011.14024.
nullA. Mitra, "An Astrophysical Peek into Einstein’s Static Universe: No Dark Energy," International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 1 No. 4, 2011, pp. 183-199. doi: 10.4236/ijaa.2011.14024.
References
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Stebbins, “A Test of the Copernican Principle,” Physical Review Letters, Vol. 100, No. 19, 2008, Article ID: 191302. [18] A. Mitra, “No Uniform Density Star in General Relativity,” Astrophysics and Space Science, Vol. 333, No. 1, 2010, pp. 169-174. doi:10.1007/s10509-010-0567-8 [19] H. A. Buchdahl, “General Relativistic Fluid Spheres,” Physical Review, Vol. 116, No. 4, 1959, pp. 1027-1034. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.116.1027 [20] N. Rosen, “The Energy of the Universe,” General Relativity and Gravitation, Vol. 26, No. 3, 1994, pp. 319-321. doi:10.1007/BF02108013 [21] F. I. Cooperstock, “Perspectives on the energy of the universe,” General Relativity and Gravitation, Vol. 26, No. 3, 1994, pp. 323-327. doi:10.1007/BF02108014 [22] V. B. Johri, D. Kalligas, G. P. Singh and C. W. F. Everitt, “Gravitational Energy in the Expanding Universe,” Gen- eral Relativity and Gravitation, Vol. 27, No. 3, 1995, pp. 313-318. doi:10.1007/BF02109127 [23] N. Banerjee and N. S. Sen, “Einstein Pseudotensor and Total Energy of the Universe,” Pramana, Vol. 49, No. 6, 1997, pp. 609-615. doi:10.1007/BF02848334 [24] S. S. Xulu, “Total Energy of the Bianchi Type I Univer- ses,” International Journal of Theoretical Physics, Vol. 39, No. 4, 2000, pp. 1153-1161. doi:10.1023/A:1003670928681 [25] V. Faraoni and F. I. Cooperstock, “On the Total Energy of Open Friedmann-Robertson-Walker Universes,” The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 587, No. 2, 2003, pp. 483- 486. doi:10.1086/368258 [26] A. Mitra, “Why Gravitational Contraction Must Be Ac- companied by Emission of Radiation in Both Newtonian and Einstein Gravity,” Physical Review D, Vol. 74, No. 2, 2006, Article ID: 024010. [27] A. Mitra, “Does Pressure Increase or Decrease Active Gravitational Mass Density,” Physics Letters B, Vol. 685, No. 1, 2010, pp. 8-11. [28] K. Kleidis and N. K. Spyrou, “A Conventional Approach to the Dark-Energy Concept,” Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 529, No. 1, 2011, Article ID: 529A26. [29] S. D. 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Kolb, “Backreaction of Inhomogeneities Can Mimic Dark Energy,” Classical and Quantum Gravity, Vol. 28, No. 16, 2011, Article ID: 164009. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/28/16/164009 [35] B. M. Leith, S. C. C. Ng and D. L. Wiltshire, “Gravita- tional Energy as Dark Energy: Concordance of Cosmological Tests,” The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 672, No. 2, 2008, pp. L91-L94. doi:10.1086/527034 [36] C. Clarkson and R. Maartens, “Inhomogeneity and the Foundations of Concordance Cosmology,” Classical and Quantum Gravity, Vol. 27, No. 12, 2010, Article ID: 124008. [37] M. Regis and C. Clarkson, “The Cosmic Microwave Back- ground in an Inhomogeneous Universe,” Journal of Cos- mology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2011, No. 2, 2011, Article ID: 013. [38] C. Tsagas, “Peculiar Motions, Accelerated Expansion, and the Cosmological Axis,” Physical Review D, Vol. 84, No. 6, 2011, Article ID: 063503. [39] B. B. Mandelbrot, “The Fractal Geometry of Nature,” Free- man, New York, 1982. [40] Y. Baryshev and P. 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