Gilvanise Alves Tito, Lúcia Helena Garófalo Chaves^*, Edilma Rodrigues Bento Dantas, Laysa Gabryella De Souza Laurentino, Felipe Guedes De Souza, Hugo Orlando Carvallo Guerra

Show more
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande (DEAG/UFCG), Campina Grande, Brazil.
Show less

Abstract: The transformation and recycling of poultry litter through the pyrolysis process produces a co-product called biochar which, applied to the soil, improves the chemical characteristics of the soil and is used as a soil fertilizer due to its high content of nutrients to plants. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of biochar, produced from poultry litter wastes on soil chemical properties and the culture of the beak pepper (Capsicun chinense). For this, the experimental units, corresponding to plastic vessels, were prepared with 5 kg of soil mixed with increasing doses of biochar: 0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5 and 10 t∙ha^−1, with three replications. This material (soil + biochar) was incubated for 20 days keeping the humidity close to the field capacity. After this period, soil samples from the experimental units were collected and then chemically analyzed. The seedlings of pepper were produced in a greenhouse and transplanted to the experimental units when the seedlings were 15 cm tall. After 10 days of transplanting, thinning was done, leaving a plant/vessel. Biometric variables were analyzed at 120 DAS, after fruit harvesting: plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), fresh shoot biomass (FSB), fresh fruit biomass (FFB), dry biomass of the aerial part (DSB) and the fruits (DFB). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and regression by orthogonal polynomials using the statistical program SISVAR. Biochar improved the soil chemical properties using as an acidity corrective and source of nutrients, mainly phosphorus and potassium. The doses used, in general, favored the development and production of the beak pepper, increasing the fresh shoot biomass, the fresh and dry fruit biomass. To improve the soil chemical properties, the highest biochar dose is recommended, that is, 10 ton∙ha^−1, however, this dose can harm the production of pepper fruits, so for this crop 5 ton∙ha^−1 should be recommended.

Keywords: Poultry Litter, Pyrolysis, Vegetable, Capsicun chinense

Cite this paper: Tito, G. , Garófalo Chaves, L. , Dantas, E. , De Souza Laurentino, L. , De Souza, F. and Guerra, H. (2020) Biochar on Soil Chemical Properties and Beak Pepper (Capsicun chinense) Production. Agricultural Sciences, 11, 1133-1142. doi: 10.4236/as.2020.1112074.

References

[1]   Gliessman, S.R. (2005) Agroecologia: Processos Ecológicos em Agricultura Sustentável. 3rd Edition, Editora da UFRGS, Porto Alegre.

[2]   Lehmann, J., Gaunt, J. and Rondon, M. (2006) Bio-Char Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems—A Review. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 11, 403-427.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-005-9006-5

[3]   Lehmann, J., Rillig, M., Thies, J., Masiello, C., Hockaday, W.C. and Crowley, D. (2011) Biochar Effects on Soil Biota: A Review. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 43, 1812-1836.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.04.022

[4]   Jeffery, L.S., Verheijen, F.G.A., Van Der Velde, M. and Bastos, A.C. (2011) A Quantitative Review of the Effects of Biochar Application to Soils on Crop Productivity Using Meta-Analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 144, 175-187.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.08.015

[5]   Agrafioti, E., Bouras, G., Kalderis, D. and Diamadopoulos, E. (2013) Biochar Production by Sewage Sludge Pyrolysis. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 101, 72-78.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.02.010

[6]   Faria, W.M., De Figueiredo, C.C., Coser, T.R., Vale, A.T. and Schneider, B.G. (2018) Is Sewage Biochar Capable of Replacing Inorganic Fertilizers for Corn Production? Evidence from a Two-Year Field Experiment. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 64, 505-519.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2017.1360488

[7]   De Lima, W.B., Cavalcante, A.R., Bonifácio, B.F., Da Silva, A.A.R., De Oliveira, L.D., Souza, R.F.A. and Chaves, L.H.G. (2019) Growth and Development of Bell Peppers Submitted to Fertilization with Biochar and Nitrogen. Agricultural Sciences, 10, 753-762.
https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2019.106058

[8]   Masuda, M.M., Abdulaha-Al Baquyb, M., Akhtera, S.R., Sen, A., Barmana, A. and Khatuna, M.R. (2020) Liming Effects of Poultry Litter Derived Biochar on Soil Acidity Amelioration and Maize Growth. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 202, Article ID: 110865.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110865

[9]   Souza, C.C.B., Sobrinho, N.M.B.A., Lima, E.S.A., Lima, J.O., Carmo, M.G.F. and García, A.C. (2019) Relation between Changes in Organic Matter Structure of Poultry Litter and Heavy Metals Solubility during Composting. Journal of Environmental Management, 247, 291-298.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.072

[10]   Alburquerque, J.A., Calero, J.M., Barrón, V., Torrent, J., Campillo, M.C., Gallardo, A. and Villar, R. (2014) Effects of Biochars Produced from Different Feedstocks on Soil Properties and Sunflower Growth. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 177, 16-25.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201200652

[11]   Chan, K.Y., Van Zwieten, L., Meszaros, I., Downie, A. and Joseph, S. (2007) Agronomic Values of Greenwaste Biochar as a Soil Amendment. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 45, 629-634.
https://doi.org/10.1071/SR07109

[12]   Mukherjee, A. and Lal, R. (2016) Biochar and Soil Quality. CRC Press, Boca Raton.

[13]   Uzoma, K.C., Inoue, M., Andry, H., Fujimaki, H., Zahoor, A. and Nishihara, E. (2011) Effect of Cow Manure Biochar on Maize Productivity under Sandy Soil Condition. Soil Use and Management, 27, 205-212.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2011.00340.x

[14]   Alvares, R.C., Reis, E.F. and Pinto, J.F.N. (2012) Genetic Divergence in Pepper Genotypes from Southwest Goiás. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 36, 498-506.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542012000500002

[15]   Moreira, G.R., Caliman, F.R.B., Silva, D.J.H. and Ribeiro, C.S.C. (2006) Espécies e Variedades de Pimenta. Informe Agropecuário, 27, 16-29.

[16]   Ferraz, R.M., Ragassi, C.F., Heinrich, A.G., Lima, M.F., Peixoto, J.R. and Reifschneider, F.R. (2016) Caracterização Morfoagronômica Preliminar de Acessos de Pimentas Cumari. Horticultura Brasileira, 34, 498-506.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620160408

[17]   Reifschneider, F.J.B. and Ribeiro, C.S.C. (2008) Cultivo. In: Ribeiro, C.S.C, Carvalho, S.I.C., Reifschneider, F.J.B., Eds., Pimentas Capsicum, Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília.

[18]   Embrapa Hortaliças (2007) Irrigação da Pimenteira.
https://sistemasdeproducao.cnptia.embrapa.br/FontesHTML/Pimenta/Pimenta_capsicum_spp
/adubacao.html

[19]   Teixeira, P.C., Donagemma, G.K., Fontana, A. and Teixeira, W.G. (2017) Manual de Métodos de Análise de Solo. 3rd Edition, Embrapa, Brasília.

[20]   BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (2014) Manual de Métodos Analíticos Oficiais para Fertilizantes Minerais, Organicos, Organominerais e Corretivos. Secretaria de Defesa Agropecuária. Coordenação de Apoio Laboratorial, Murilo Carlos Muniz Veras (Org.)-Brasília: MAPA/DAS/CGAL, 220 p.

[21]   Ferreira, D.F. (2011) Sisvar: A Computer Statistical Analysis System. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 35, 1039-1042.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542011000600001

[22]   Houben, D., Evrard, L. and Sonnet, P. (2013) Beneficial Effects of Biochar Application to Contaminated Soils on the Bioavailability of Cd, Pb and Zn and the Biomass Production of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Biomass and Bioenergy, 57, 196-204.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.07.019

[23]   Silva, I.C.B., Basílio, J.J.N., Fernandes, L.A., Colen, F., Sampaio, R.A. and Frazão, L.A. (2017) Biochar from Different Residues on Soil Properties and Common Bean Production. Scientia Agricola, 74, 378-382.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-992x-2016-0242

[24]   Sparks, D. (2003) Environmental Soil Chemistry. Academic Press, San Diego.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-656446-4.X5000-2

[25]   Troeh, F.R. and Thompson, L.M. (2005) Phosphorus. In: Troeh, F.R. and Thompson, L.M., Eds., Soils and Soils Fertility, Wiley-Blackwell, New York.