1. Introduction
Integral equations of various types and kinds play an important role in many branches of linear and nonlinear function analysis and their applications in the theory of elasticity, engineering, mathematical physical and contact mixed problems. Therefor, many different methods are used to obtain the solution of the Volterra integral equation. In [1] Linz, studied analytical and numerical methods of Volterra equation. In [2], Mirzaee and Rafei used the BBM for the numerical solution of the nonlinear two-dimensional Volterra integral equations. In the references [3] - [8] the authors considered many different methods to solve linear and nonlinear system of Volterra integral equations numerically with continuous and singular kernels. In [9], Al-waqdani studied linear F-VIE with continuous kernel and solved the linear SVIEs numerically with continuous kernel.
(1)
Equation (1) is called the NF-VIE in the space . Here the Fredholm integral term is considered in position with a positive continuous kernel for all , while the Volterra integral term is considered in time with a positive continuous kernel for all . The free term is known continuous function in the space , while is unknown function representing the solution of the nonlinear integral Equation (1). The numerical coefficient is called the parameter of the integral equation, may be complex, and has physical meaning, while the constant parameter defines the kind of the integral Equation (1).
2. Existence of Solution of NF-VIE
To prove the existence of a unique solution of Equation (1) using fixed point theorem.
We write it in the integral operator form:
(2)
where
(3)
(4)
Then, we assume the following conditions:
i) The kernel of Fredholm integral term satisfies:
( is a constant).
ii) The kernel of Volterra integral term satisfies:
( is a constant).
iii) The given function with its partial derivatives is continuous in where:
( is a constant).
iv) The known continuous function , for the constant , the following conditions:
a)
b)
where .
Theorem 1:
If the condition i)-iv) are verified, then Equation (1) has unique solution in the Banach space .
The provement of this theorem depends on the following two lemmas:
Lemma 1:
Under the conditions i)-iv-a), the operator defined by (2), maps the space into itself.
Proof:
In view of Formula (2) and (3) we get:
Using the conditions (i)-(iii), then applying Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we have:
In the light of the condition (iv-a), the above inequality take the form:
(5)
The lost inequality (5) shows that, the operator maps the ball into itself, where
(6)
Since , therefore we have . Moreover, the inequality (5) involves the boundedness of the operator W of Equation (2) where:
(7)
Also, the inequalities (5) and (7) define the boundedness of the operator .
Lemma 2:
If the conditions (i),(ii) and (iv-b) are satisfied, then the operator is contractive in space .
Proof:
For two functions and in the space Formula (2), (3) leads to:
Using the condition (iv-b), then apply Cauchy-Schwarz inequality we have:
Finally, with the aid of conditions (i), (ii), and (iv-b) we obtain:
(8)
In equality (8) shows that, the operator is continuous in the space , then is a contraction operator under the condition .
3. The SVIEs
Consider:
(9)
when , Equation (9) becomes:
Then,
(10)
where .
Formula (10) represents Volterra integral equation of the second kind at . For representing (9) as a VIEs, we use the numerical method. Divide the interval as . Using the quadrature formula, Equation (9) becomes:
(11)
where , and .
Using (11) in (9), we have:
(12)
Then:
(13)
where , . Formula (13) represents a NSVIEs of the second kind, and we have N unknown functions corresponding to time interval .
4. Some Numerical Methods for Solving SVIEs
4.1. RKM
In this section, the RKM is used to solve NF-VIE of the second kind. By divide the interval as , and using the quadrature formula, the integral Equation (1) represent a NSVIEs as:
where .
To solve the NSVIEs:
(14)
where
and
Then, we get
(15)
Now, applying the RKM for solve (15):
Suppose that:
(16)
Substituting from (16) into (15),
Then, we have,
(17)
where
(18)
By derivative (18), we have,
Now, apply the RKM to this system of equations to give,
which lead to,
By using Equation (16) to give,
(19)
which is approximate solution for Equation (15).
Now, if consider the Pouzet’s derivation, we define:
(20)
The function is unknown function, such that
(21)
where , where .
when , Equation (10) becomes:
such that and
Since the function is the approximate solution at for Equation (1).
4.2. BBM
In this section, we use the BBM for solving the NF-VIE of the second kind. The interval is divided into steps of width h, and . the approximate solution of will be define at mesh-points and denoted by such as is an approximation to .
To solve the NSVIEs:
(22)
where
and
Then, we get
(23)
Rewrite Equation (23) as follows:
(24)
where .
If the values are known, then the first integral can be approximated by standard quadrature methods, and the second integral is obtain by a quadrature rule using values of the integrand at .
Since the values of at these points are unknown, we have a system of nonlinear equations by applied the BBM:
(25)
For , , where depend on the quadrature rule used.
Now, for the Modified method of two Blocks we take , this integration over can be accomplished by Simpson’s rule, and the integral over by using a quadratic interpolation of the integrand at the point , then Equation (23) becomes:
(26)
and
(27)
where .
Therefore, by Equation (25) the approximate solution is computed by:
(28)
(29)
where .
Thus, replace the second term in Equation (28) by using integration formulas, then we get:
(30)
(31)
where
Finally, we construct nonlinear equations from (30) and (31) to find the unknown functions . The resulting system is solved by using modified Newton-Raphson method.
5. Numerical Examples
We solve two examples by RKM and BBMat , , and .
In Tables 1-6: fExact®Exact solution, fR.K.®approximate solution of RKM, ER.K.®the absolute error of RKM, fB.B.®approximate solution of BBM, EB.B.®the absolute error of BBM.
Example 1
Consider:
Exact solution
Case 1:
Table 1. The values of exact, approximate solutions, and errors by using RKM and BBM at T = 0.01, N = 20.
Table 2. The values of exact, approximate solutions, and errors by using RKM and BBM at T = 0.1, N = 20.
Table 3. The values of exact, approximate solutions, and errors by using RKM and BBM at T = 0.3, N = 20.
Case 2:
Table 4. The values of exact, approximate solutions, and errors by using RKM and BBM at T = 0.01, N = 50.
Table 5. The values of exact, approximate solutions, and errors by using RKM and BBM at T = 0.1, N = 50.
Table 6. The values of exact, approximate solutions, and errors by using RKM and BBM at T = 0.3, N = 50.
6. Conclusions
From the previous discussions we conclude the following:
1) As N is increasing the errors are decreasing.
2) As x and t are increasing in , the errors due to RKM and BBM are also increasing.
3) The errors due to the BBM are less than the errors due to RKM (i.e. BBM the better than RKM to solve NF-VIE with continuous kernel).
[1] Linz, P. (1985) Analytic and Numerical Methods for Volterra Equations. SIAM, Philadelphia.
https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611970852
[2] Mirzaee, F. and Rafei, Z. (2011) The Block by Block Method for the Numerical Solution of the Nonlinear Two-Dimensional Volterra Integral Equations. Journal of king Saud University-Science, 23, 191-195.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2010.07.008
[3] Maleknejad, K. and Shahrezaee, M. (2004) Using Runge-Kutta Method for Numerical Solution of the System of Volterra Integral Equation. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 149, 399-410.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0096-3003(03)00148-6
[4] Maleknejad, K. and Ostadi, A. (2017) Numerical Solution of System of Volterra Integral Equations with Weakly Singular Kernels and Its Convergence Analysis. Applied Numerical Mathematics, 115, 82-98.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnum.2016.12.005
[5] Armand, A. and Gouyandch, Z. (2014) Numerical Solution of the System of Volterra Integral Equations of the First Kind. IJIM, 6, 9.
[6] Biazar, J. and Babolian, E. (2003) Solution of a System of Volterra Integral Equations of the First Kind by Adomian Method. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 139, 249-258.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0096-3003(02)00173-X
[7] Yaghouti, M.R. (2012) A Numerical Method for Solving a System of Volterra Integral Equations. WAP, 2, 18-33.
[8] Katani, R. and Shahmorad, S. (2010) Block by Block Method for the Systems of Nonlinear Volterra Integral Equations. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 34, 400-406.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2009.04.013
[9] Al-Wagdani, M.M. (2016) On Some Numerical Treatments for Solving Volterra Integral Equation and System of Volterra Integral Equations. Taif University, Taif.